The Role of Mangroves in Retaining Penaeid Prawn Larvae in Klang Strait,Malaysia

The mangrove-fringed Klang Strait, Malaysia, retains approximately 65 billion penaeid prawn larvae annually prior to their settlement in coastal nursery grounds. This phenomenon appears to be due principally to tidal currents and lateral trapping in mangrove-fringed channels, the wind playing an insignificant role.     

退化人工梭梭林的恢复技术研究

对退化人工梭梭林进行恢复试验研究发现:滴灌可使梭梭林地土壤含水率显著提高;梭梭光合作用增强;群落物种数增多,盖度增大;防风固沙作用增强.布设机械沙障可使退化梭梭林地表粗糙度增大,林内近地面层风速、输沙量显著下降.春灌3 a后,不仅退化梭梭个体恢复正常生长,同时梭梭林群落物种组成数明显增加,盖度显著增大,生态功能也逐渐恢复.雨水集流和雨水下渗改造两种模式应用1～2 a后,退化梭梭林地土壤含水率均有明显提高.滴灌、布设机械沙障、春灌和改造结皮4种技术措施对退化梭梭林生长及其环境均有明显的恢复作用,其中滴灌、机械沙障恢复技术是当前和今后推广的主要措施;春灌和改造结皮可作为前两种技术的补充措施.     

A model to evaluate windbreak protection efficiency

The effectiveness of windbreaks in windspeed reduction is often evaluated without regard to the objects to be protected. In fact, many objects may have different sensitivities to wind and often require different degrees of wind protection. Since commonly used indexes do not consider the sensitivity to wind, a concept of specific protection efficiency is developed. A critical windspeed is used to represent the sensitivity of each object. Windspeeds greater than this value are considered damaging. A dimensionless protection index is defined to evaluate windbreak efficiency. The maximum index value is 1 for the highest protection, and the index is negative when sheltered windspeed is greater than the critical windspeed. This index can be compared, summed, and averaged across different windbreaks, objects, and leeward locations. A sample of critical windspeed values was compiled from the literature. The index was evaluated using actual wind data measured under both sheltered and open conditions. The results indicated that the index can be used for evaluating windbreak effectiveness in terms of objects protected under various conditions. This model could be used as a tool for windbreak-related research and policy making.     

华北土石山区模拟降雨下土壤溅蚀研究

采取野外模拟降雨试验,研究了降雨强度、降雨动能以及降雨历时对溅蚀量的影响规律,分析了溅蚀土粒的距离、方位的分布特征,以及溅蚀土粒的粒径组成规律。研究结果表明:雨滴击溅过程中,在不同强度的降雨作用下,下坡方向产生的溅蚀量最大,上坡方向产生的溅蚀量最小。溅蚀总搬运量与溅蚀净搬运量均与降雨强度呈正相关。溅蚀量与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,与降雨动能呈现线性函数关系。溅蚀率与降雨历时呈现指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒主要分布在0~10 cm,占溅蚀总搬运量的45.40%~57.75%,在50~60 cm内的溅蚀量所占比例不高于1.75%。溅蚀量与溅蚀距离呈负指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒径小于等于2 mm,溅蚀土粒中细砂粒和粗粉粒百分比与原状土壤较为接近,粗砂粒百分比远低于原状土壤,而粘粒百分比高于原状土壤,粉粒百分比低于原状土壤。溅蚀土粒中细砂粒(0.05~0.2 mm)最易于被溅蚀,而小粒径(小于0.002 mm)和大粒径(大于0.2 mm)土壤颗粒不易被溅蚀。当降雨强度足够大时,对于同种特征的土壤,溅蚀土粒存在稳定的粒径组成。当降雨强度保持不变时,溅蚀平均粒径随溅蚀距离的增加而变小。溅蚀距离在0~30 cm,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较大;随溅蚀距离的不断增加,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较小。     

降雨强度和坡度对细沟形态特征的综合影响

细沟的形态特征研究可揭示坡面侵蚀发生机理,且细沟形态对坡面径流和侵蚀有重要影响;而现有研究仅用细沟密度和细沟宽深比等指标来表征细沟形态,不能全面准确地反映细沟的形态特征。为此基于模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度和坡度对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀和细沟形态特征的综合影响。试验处理包括3种黄土高原有代表性的侵蚀性降雨(50、75、100 mm/h)和3个细沟侵蚀发生最常见的坡度(10°、15°、20°)。试验结果表明,坡面侵蚀速率和细沟侵蚀速率均随着降雨强度和坡度的增加呈幂函数增加。试验条件下,细沟倾斜度介于16°~20°之间,随着降雨强度的增加而增大,随着坡度的增加而减小;细沟密度、细沟割裂度和细沟复杂度分别为0.74~1.95 m/m2、0.08~0.17和1.09~1.38,三者皆随降雨强度和坡度的增加而增大;细沟宽深比为1.93~2.35,随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而减小。通过相关分析发现,细沟割裂度是评价细沟侵蚀和细沟形态的最优指标;研究降雨强度对细沟形态的影响时,建议优先选用细沟割裂度、细沟复杂度和细沟倾斜度指标;分析坡度对细沟形态的影响时,除选取细沟割裂度外,建议优先选用细沟密度和细沟宽深比指标。细沟横断面主要呈"V形",随着降雨强度和坡度的增加,径流紊动性增强,细沟横断面变化趋于不规则,说明细沟横断面变化可以反映径流的变化特征,从而揭示细沟侵蚀发生机理。     

河道堤防设计高程的概率设计和风

介绍河道堤防设计高程的概率和风险校核方法。该方法综合考虑多种不确定性因素的影响，利用随机微分方程推求河道水位的概率分布，并对风浪的随机影响进行分析，按照随机可靠性理论，对常规采用确定性方法确定的河道堤防高程进行漫顶风险校核和可靠性设计。     

现代玻璃温室智能气动天窗系统设计与研究

为满足现代温室对室内环境越来越高的要求，采用快速、安全、可靠、低成本的气动自动化技术设计气动天窗系统，可以实现天窗系统开闭与开度的自动化调控。为此，讨论了气动天窗系统的原理，得出了驱动气缸负载模型以及各级风速下气缸负载特性，探讨了该系统可行性和特点。与传统技术比较，气动系统完全可以取代机械式开天窗，而且结构简单，操作方便，位置控制精度高，天窗开度和通风面积显著增加，增强了利用自然通风调节温室环境的能力。     

GIS在农业水土领域的应用与研究进展

介绍了近年来国内外GIS在农业灌溉管理、精确农业和农业区划、土壤利用和土壤侵蚀方面的研究和应用情况，并对GIS在该领域的研究进行归纳和总结，此外探讨了GIS在当前农业领域应用的主要发展方向。     

Controlling factors of sheet erosion under degraded grasslands in the sloping lands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The current increase in the global demand for food and fresh water and the associated land use changes or misuses exacerbate water erosion which has become a major threat to the sustainability of the soil and water resources. Soil erosion by rainfall and runoff is a natural and geologic phenomenon, and one of the most important components of the global geochemical cycle.Despite numerous studies on crop lands, there is still a need to quantify soil sheet erosion (an erosion form that uniformly removes fertile upper soil horizons) under grasslands and to assess the factors of the environment that control its spatial variation. For that purpose, fifteen 1 m² micro-plots installed within a 23 ha catchment under pasture in the sloping lands of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) were monitored during the 2007-2008 rainy season to evaluate runoff (R) and sediment losses (SL). Soil losses computed from the 37 rainfall events with soil erosion averaged 6.45 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹with values from 3 to 13 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. SL were significantly correlated with the proportion of soil surface coverage by the vegetation (P < 0.01) whereas the slope gradient, and soil characteristics such as bulk density or clay content were not correlated. R and SL increased as the proportion of soil surface coverage decreased and this trend was used to predict the spatial variations of sheet erosion over the 23 ha catchment. Greater sheet erosion occurred at the catchment plateau and at the vicinity of gully head cuts probably in relation to regressive erosion. Mitigating sheet erosion would require an appropriate management of the soil cover through appropriate management of cattle grazing, especially at places where “natural” erosion is likely to occur.     

地表秸秆覆盖度图像识别技术的研究

农田地表秸秆覆盖是防止水土流失的一项主要措施,研究秸秆覆盖度与土壤风蚀、水蚀的定量关系对农田采取合理的覆盖形式有重要的指导意义。针对当前主要靠手工测试秸秆覆盖度存在效率低的问题,研究了如何应用MATLAB语言强大的图像处理功能来识别、分析秸秆图像。通过对样本图像类型的转换、灰度的均衡化和中值滤波等一系列的处理,得出较准确的秸秆覆盖面积和秸秆覆盖百分比,为准确快速测量秸秆覆盖度提供了测试手段。